What is NOT a listed cause of pavement failure?

In the context of pavement failure, the identified correct response highlights that increased traffic volume is not typically classified as a direct cause of pavement failure in documented literature. While higher traffic volumes can indeed put additional stress on a pavement surface, causing accelerated wear and ultimately leading to degradation, the primary causes of pavement failure are generally associated with structural issues, material properties, and environmental factors.

Defective utilities refer to issues related to underground infrastructure that can compromise the integrity of the pavement above, leading to settlement or cracking. Aging encompasses the natural deterioration of pavement materials over time due to weathering and exposure to elements, which affects the pavement's shear strength and integrity. Freezing and thawing cycles are well-known causes of distress in pavements because they can cause frost heave, leading to significant structural damage.

By understanding that increased traffic volume is more an aggravating factor rather than a foundational cause, it becomes clear why it is appropriate to categorize other factors like utility issues, aging, and temperature fluctuations as primary causes of pavement failure.